Today, television is a significant part of the life of a modern person. TV quickly took root in homes, despite the fact that it was invented less than a hundred years ago. Of course, the miracle of technology that we have now originally looked and was designed completely differently. How it all began, who invented the television, in what year and in what country it happened, we will look at this article.
Which scientist invented television first?
People have always wanted to learn how to capture moments from their lives. Experiments with image transmission began in the Middle Ages. Then the camera obscura was invented, which made it possible to convert light into an optical pattern.
We can safely say that each invention of the above scientists contributed to the creation of a television device, so it is impossible to single out just one inventor of the television.
The first patent from Vladimir Zvorykin
The component used to create the TV was a kinescope. This is a converter of electrical signals into light. The very first one was created in 1895 by Karl Brown. Until 1990, TV and computer monitors were made exclusively on the basis of a kinescope.
The basis for the creation of the television camera was the Nipkow Disk. Scotsman John Baird used the idea of Paul Nipkow and, based on his invention, was able to display a picture on the TV screen. The first television broadcast took place in 1926 in Great Britain. It was such a success that Baird's company began producing televisions for sale. There was no sound in the device, and the image was unclear, however, this was already television.
John Logie Baird working on a mechanical television system
American engineer of Russian origin Vladimir Zvorykin patented his electronic television system in 1932. Zvorykin became the “father” of the first electronic, that is, modern television, suitable for practical use.
The principle of operation of the very first TV
Baird's apparatus worked on the basis of the Nipkow Disk and looked like a huge rotating disk with holes. The first television receivers had tiny screens, like
J. Baird transmitter (1926)
attachments - 3x4 cm. The spiral rotated, moving the perforation, thereby dividing the image into lines. The lines were connected into a single picture on the screen. Nipkow's disk did not make it possible to make a screen even the size of a standard photograph - for this, the size of the disk had to be about two meters in diameter. The television signal was broadcast on medium and long waves - this made it possible to transmit images over long distances.
The principle of electronic television proposed by Zvorykin did not limit the size of the screen, but limited the frequency of the signal. TV signals were broadcast over a distance of less than ten meters. Zvorykin’s TV was based on his other patented inventions – the iconoscope and kinescope. At the end of the 1920s, the whole world was covered by the implementation of television broadcasting.
First color TV
The inventors started thinking about transmitting pictures in the form in which people see the world around them after their first successful experience with television broadcasting. Simultaneously with the implementation of black-and-white image transmission, the idea of color television was developed. The first experiment was carried out by the same John Baird. He inserted a three-color filter into his television, through which the images passed one at a time.
Schematic diagram of the first color TV
In 1900, Alexander Polumordvinov applied for a patent for the first color three-component television system. One of his ideas was to combine a Nipkow Disk with light filters of different colors.
The first true color television was released in the United States in the 1920s. Almost anyone could buy a device on credit.
Production of televisions in the USSR
The first television broadcast in the Soviet Union took place on April 29, 1931. But the first television appeared later, as the authorities placed more emphasis on radio broadcasting, which, in their opinion, was more suitable for propaganda. Radio was more accessible; a special radio socket was made in each house during construction.
Paper Nipkow Disks were available for free sale. Soviet craftsmen mastered the principle of assembling television receivers. Assembly diagrams for homemade televisions were published in the magazine Radiofront. You could assemble the TV yourself in the following way:
- A perforated cardboard disk was combined with a neon lamp to ensure signal reception and image formation on a small screen.
- In order for the image to be accompanied by sound, a radio was connected to the television receiver. Sound and picture were presented separately from each other.
The disadvantage of such a TV was that, due to the low sensitivity of the photocell, the image had to be re-scanned for several minutes.
Color televisions in the USSR
As an experiment, on November 7, 1952, Leningrad Television broadcast a television program with color images. Four years later, the same television center began producing color films that have high image quality, but a small viewing angle.
By screen backlight type:
- Illuminated by cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL).
- With LED backlight (). They consume little energy and have a clear image with good contrast.
- Quantum dot backlit (QLED).
In addition to these criteria, TVs differ in screens. There are plasma screens and projection screens. Projection systems are divided into kinescope, laser, liquid crystal and micromirror. All of them work with front or rear projection, that is, the image is supplied to the screen through a projector or translucent screen (rear projection).
The most modern model is MicroLED monitors. In 2019, I just demonstrated a TV with such a screen.
In conclusion
Television has come a long way to come to us in the form it has now. It would seem that there is nowhere left to transform television, because we already have good sound and a clear color picture. Despite this, work on televisions does not stop, and every year companies release more advanced models.
The term Television was first voiced by the Russian officer K. Persky (1854-1906) during the International Electrotechnical Congress (1900), where he made a presentation “Television through electricity.” It was by the beginning of the twentieth century that, through the efforts of outstanding scientists from different countries, the basis was prepared for the creation of first a mechanical and then a completely electronic television. The birth of the television receiver itself was preceded by the following events: the invention of a device that scans an object (Nipkow disk), the discovery of photoconductivity of selenium, the creation of a photocell and light distributor, as well as the implementation of element-by-element transmission of an image of a scanned object. The whole history of the appearance of television is in the material below.
The history of the creation of a mechanical television receiver
The creation of a mechanical television was preceded by the invention in 1884 of the “electronic telescope” - a device that allows you to scan any objects and draw their image on a photosensitive panel located behind the disk. It was based on the principle of decomposing an image into individual elements using a special converter. This device was invented by the German inventor Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow (1860-1940). Structurally, the transducer is a disk with a number of spirally arranged holes, which, while rotating, scans an object with a resolution of 18 lines. This element, known to experts as the “Nipkow Disk,” became the most important component of the mechanical television that appeared a little later.
First discoveries
To answer the question in what year a mechanical television receiver was first assembled, it is necessary to study a number of discoveries that preceded this event. So, first, the Scottish inventor John Lowey Baird (1888-1946) created a number of prototype video systems. With their help, the scientist transmitted an image of a moving silhouette over a short distance (1923). Having demonstrated his brainchild in 1925, Baird continued to work in this direction.
Important! In 1926, the Scottish inventor was the first in the world to demonstrate the transmission of an image of a moving human face via radio, and in 1927 he was the first to broadcast a television signal over a distance of about 700 km (London - Glasgow).
Baird's invention was based on the use of two Nipkow disks. In this case, one disk served as a scanner, and the second was used as a playback device. A photocell was located behind the first disk, and a lamp was installed behind the second. Depending on the amount of light falling on the photocell, the intensity of the lamp glow changed. Berdu in the process of his research managed to achieve synchronization of the rotation of Nipkow disks, and the interaction of the photocell and the lamp.
The first television receiver
Developing his invention, Baird introduced the first television receiver in 1928, which was called The Televisor in English.
- Structurally, it was a large box with a large disk and a small screen. Its main disadvantages were:
- low image quality;
no sound. It was possible to achieve acceptable image quality only by. The initially obtained resolution of 30 lines was increased to 120 in a short time. However, further increasing the size of the TV became impractical, and soon the production of such devices ceased.
Invention of the electronic television
The appearance of a completely electronic TV became possible only after the invention of cathode ray tube (CRT).
Previous inventions
The invention of the CRT was also facilitated by a number of discoveries made by outstanding scientists from many countries, namely:
- English physicist W. Crookes (1832-1919), who created phosphor (1879) - a substance capable of emitting light when exposed to a cathode ray;
- German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894), who studied how electricity changes under the influence of light and first described the photoelectric effect (1887);
- Karl Ferdinand Braun - an inventor from Germany (1850-1918) - who directly discovered the cathode ray tube.
But the father of the electronic television receiver is the Russian scientist Boris Rosing (1869-1933), who in 1907 registered a method for transmitting images at a distance, which set the direction for the development of modern television systems. The method he proposed used inertia-free electron beam(cathode telescopy). There was no need for complex mechanical systems. Thus, B. Rosing’s priority in the question of who invented the television first was unconditionally recognized by scientists in England, Germany, the USA, etc.
On a note! In addition, Rosing confirmed his right to be called the father of the electronic television, presenting a few years later a sample of a kinescope that received simple video images.
Subsequently, on the basis of the ideas put forward by the Russian inventor, a CRT was created, which in 1923 was almost simultaneously introduced by American physicists Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906-1971) and Vladimir Zvorykin (1888-1982), who emigrated in 1919 from Bolshevik Russia to the USA. In their proposed design, a CRT directed an electron beam onto a screen whose surface was coated with a phosphor. By analogy with Baird's TV, the image was drawn line by line, but the absence of moving mechanical parts made it possible carry out this process much faster.
The first television receiver
The development of televisions based on the CRT proposed by American scientists was carried out in many countries. However The first were the German engineers of the Telefunken company, who assembled and launched into mass production the very first electronic television (1934).
On a note! Televisions assembled on the basis of CRTs were produced by industry in almost all developed countries. At the same time, picture tubes were constantly being improved - first they began to draw a color video image, and then they significantly decreased in size and became much more energy efficient.
TVs in the USSR
Broadcasting television programs in the USSR started in October 1931. Mechanical television transmissions were carried out in the medium wave range, and they could be received in Moscow, Leningrad, Nizhny Novgorod and Tomsk.
The first domestic TV “B-2”, created on the basis of a Nipkov disk, was produced by the Leningrad plant “Comintern” in 1932. Structurally, it was set-top box with a 30x40 mm screen connected to a radio receiver, which needed to be switched to another frequency. But the domestic industry at that time also produced other television receivers.
TV receiver B-2
- "VRK" with a screen size of 13x17.5 cm. It provided broadcasting of television programs from the Leningrad Television Center with a resolution of 240 lines. A total of 20 of these TVs were produced.
- "TK-1", designed to receive programs from the Moscow Television Center. It provided a resolution of 343 lines. In total, about 2000 of these receivers were produced.
- "17TN-1"- a universal television receiver produced by the Leningrad Radist plant, which allows you to receive programs from both Moscow and Leningrad television centers. Number of products produced - 2000 pcs.
- "ATP-1"- the country's first subscriber television receiver, which can be considered the predecessor of cable television. It was manufactured at the Aleksandrovsky Radio Plant.
After the commissioning of the first electronic television broadcasting systems (1938), the broadcast of optical-mechanical television programs began to decline and ceased completely in 1941.
The first fully electronic TV, which began to be mass-produced, appeared in the USSR only in 1949. It was called KVN-49 and, unfortunately, was not very reliable. The Moskvich-T1 model was also produced, in which for the first time in the USSR managed to implement a resolution of 625 lines.
TV receiver KVN-49
In the 70s of the last century, televisions started mass production(“Record”, “Electron”, etc.) and they could be found in the apartment of any Soviet family.
Interesting! The development of electronic television broadcasting is also associated with the creation of the prototype of the modern television - a device called “Telephot” (1928). It was developed by a group of Soviet scientists from Tashkent under the leadership of B. Grabovsky. But due to unknown circumstances, “Telephot” was destroyed, and work on its restoration was stopped.
Color TVs
Scientists began reproducing color moving pictures on a screen almost from the moment mechanical television appeared. However, the limitations imposed by mechanical reproduction did not allow achieving a positive result. One of the first scientists to managed to convey a two-color image, was Hovhannes Adamyan, who patented his invention in 1908.
On a note! A model of a color television, sequentially transmitting three images in color, was assembled in 1928. John Lowey Baird, already mentioned earlier, as the creator of the first mechanical television receiver. To do this, he used color filters.
With the spread of electronic television broadcasting, engineers increasingly thought about creating color television receivers. At first it was hardware set-top boxes for black and white TVs, which allowed viewers to watch a colored image on a screen. Only in 1940, American engineers demonstrated the Triniscope television system, which was based on three picture tubes, each reproducing its own color. Color televisions began to be mass-produced abroad in 1954, when the United States adopted the first color television broadcasting standard (1953).
The Soviet Union began developing color televisions only in 1951., however, the first test television broadcast was carried out the following year. Despite the undoubted successes achieved by domestic engineers in this direction, color televisions remained in short supply for USSR citizens until the collapse of the country.
Achievements of modern television technology
Gradually, the technological possibilities that made it possible to improve the quality of television images while simultaneously increasing the size of the TV screen were exhausted. TV receivers became more and more bulky and energy-intensive, and improving the quality of the picture was limited by difficulties associated with the need to increase the speed of movement of the electron beam along the inner surface of the kinescope screen. Thus, little by little, CRT televisions were supplanted by models that used more modern technologies in their manufacture.
Plasma TVs
A plasma panel is a screen containing a large number of individual cells located between two glasses. The cells contain plasma (4th state of aggregation), which, when electricity passes through, begins to emit ultraviolet rays, invisible to the human eye. The image on the screen is formed due to the phosphor, which under the influence of ultraviolet radiation generates light in the visible spectrum. This technology was developed back in the 30s of the last century, but it began to be used en masse only 15-20 years ago.
While featuring high image quality, plasma screens also had a number of weaknesses:
- insufficient brightness, making it difficult to watch programs in intense lighting;
- complex production process;
- high production cost.
In addition, the plasma screen couldn't make it big enough or flat enough. These shortcomings contributed to the fact that plasma TVs were also forced out of the market by more technologically advanced models with screens that used liquid crystals in their manufacture.
Liquid crystal television screens
Televisions with liquid crystal screens have appeared relatively recently. They managed to capture the market thanks to fairly simple and cheap technology.
Important! Liquid crystals (LCs) are molecules that polarize light. When an electric current passes through a crystal, the latter rotates in space, letting a certain amount of light pass through it.
A typical cell in an LCD matrix is made in the form of three sub-cells. Per sub-cell an appropriately colored filter is applied(RGB). The amount of color per unit of image depends on the amount of incoming voltage. To qualitatively improve the received image, a backlight is placed behind the LCD layer, which can be fluorescent (LCD) or light-emitting diode (LED).
Further development of LCD technology led to the creation of screens based on organic light-emitting diodes, which capable of emitting their own light (OLED) and do not require backlighting.
On a note! This technology has made it possible to create televisions with a thickness of about 4 mm, the weight of which, even with a 65-inch screen, allows them to be attached to the wall using magnets. Moreover, the resolution of such screens currently reaches 8K.
Remote control
Another accessory without which a modern TV is unthinkable is a remote control unit (RCU) - this is how the name remote control unit (RCU) can be translated from English. It was first demonstrated by Robert Adler(1913-2007), who, using a remote control emitting ultrasonic control signals, could remotely adjust the volume of the TV and switch the received programs (1956).
Subsequently, the expansion of the functionality of the TV (game consoles, teletext, etc.) required an increase in the number of buttons and more precise control. Solved this problem engineers from Grundig and Magnavox, who equipped televisions with remote controls that use infrared (IR) radiation to transmit control commands (1974).
Thus, technological progress, ever-increasing requirements and free competition stimulate the development of new developments and breakthrough technologies in the production of television equipment. Thus, TVs with a SMART function, which are a hybrid between a computer and a television receiver, are already considered commonplace today. What's next?
The best modern TV receivers of 2019
TV LG 43UK6200 on Yandex Market
TV Sony KD-55XF9005 on Yandex Market
TV LG 49UK6200 on Yandex Market
TV Sony KD-65XF9005 on Yandex Market
TV LG OLED55C8 on Yandex Market
In a 12-round boxing match, two unbeaten heavyweights will meet for the second time - Deontay Leshun Wilder (current WBC champion, who has held the heavyweight title for 5 years, had 43 fights, of which 42 wins, 1 draw) and Tyson Luke Fury (former champion of WBA-Super, WBO, IBF, IBO; had 30 fights, of which 29 wins, 1 draw). The winner will become the WBC heavyweight champion.
In Russia, due to the time difference, boxing fans will be able to watch the Fury-Wilder fight live in the morning February 23, 2020.
Both boxers have not yet experienced the bitterness of defeat, and their only draw happened in their first joint meeting, which took place on December 1, 2018 in Los Angeles. But very soon one of the legendary boxers will open the account of their defeats, although, of course, a draw result is again possible.
Venue of the fight:
The rematch between Fury and Wilder on February 22 (23), 2020 will take place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena with a capacity of 17 thousand people, located south of Las Vegas in the "paradise" town of Paradise(Paradise is translated into Russian as Paradise), USA, Nevada.
What time does it start, where to watch the Fury-Wilder rematch February 22 (23), 2020:
The event, which will feature a rematch between Wilder and Fury, will begin on February 22, 2020 at 14:00 Pacific time, which corresponds to February 23, 2020, 01:00 am Moscow time.The most anticipated fight (Fury - Wilder 2) will be the final one. Its start time is after 7:00 Moscow time 02/23/2020.
The Fury-Wilder rematch will be shown live TV channel "REN TV", starting at 06:50 Moscow time.
That is, what time will it start and where to watch the Fury-Wilder rematch:
* Start time - after 7 a.m. Moscow time on February 23, 2020.
* On the REN TV channel.
In this article we will tell you February 22, 2020 in Russia - shortened working hours or not.
We hasten to please you, during the “six-day period”:
- February 22, 2020 - shortened working day.
Working hours on the eve of the national holiday - Defender of the Fatherland Day 2020, are reduced by 1 hour. And the holiday holiday will last two days - from Sunday, February 23, 2020 to Monday, February 24, 2020.
Note that in three regions of the Russian Federation, Tuesday February 25, 2020 is also a day off, due to the transfer of a day off due to the celebration of the Buddhist New Year (in 2020 it falls on Monday February 24). These regions are: the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Tyva and the Trans-Baikal Territory.
At what points in time should you make wishes on the date of “five twos” (February 22, 2020):
The month of February in 2020 is especially rich in calendar dates on which you can make wishes with a high probability of their subsequent fulfillment.The favorable period of time for the fulfillment of desires began on the mirror date of 02/02/2020 and continued on the date of the convergence of zeros and twos of 02/20/2020. And the “February period of desires” ends date of five twos - 02/22/2020.
We tell you what time to make wishes on February 22, 2020 (5 points in time).
Although 02/22/2020 is not a mirror number, this date is not a simple one. Besides that zeros and twos converge on this date, more five twos add up to 10, which is fundamental in its essence. It is the basis of the current number system and symbolizes success (which is best reflected by the phrase “getting into the top ten”). You can also recall: the 10 commandments in the Bible, the 10 sefirot in the Kabalistic Tree of Life, the 10 incarnations of the Supreme deity Vishnu in Hindu mythology, and, of course, the 10 fingers and toes of a person. And so on!
The date of five twos on February 22, 2020 includes several moments in time at which, using the power of the number “2,” you can mentally pronounce your desires. This ( in hours:minutes format, local time): 00:20, 02:00, 02:02, 02:20, 02:22, 20:00 20:02, 20:20, 20:22, 22:00, 22:02, 22:20 and 22 :22.
Of the times listed above, five have the greatest power (those containing the maximum number of twos). This: 02:22, 20:22, 22:02, 22:20 and 22:22. In all cases, the time indicated is local.
That is, what time to make wishes on February 22, 2020 (5 points in time):
* at 2 hours 22 minutes (02:22).
* at 20 hours 22 minutes (20:22).
* at 22 hours 02 minutes (22:02).
* at 22 hours 20 minutes (22:20).
* at 22 hours 22 minutes (22:22).
Also this month, you can make a wish on the February new moon, which will come February 23, 2020 at 18.30.
The fundamental possibility of transmitting moving pictures over a long distance was substantiated independently by the Portuguese A. di Paiva and P. Bakhmetyev at the end of the 19th century. The principle they proposed involved converting images into electrical signals and sending them through communication channels. At the opposite end of the line, the signal had to turn back into an image.
Such an idea could only be realized with the help of relatively complex electronic devices. This is the scientist and inventor Boris Rosing, who invented it in 1907 on the basis of a cathode ray tube.
The world's first transmission of images in the form of simple figures was carried out by Rosing in Russia in May 1911.
The research and works of the Russian scientist Vladimir Zworykin, who was once a student of Rosing, also became widely known. Having emigrated to the United States during the Civil War, Zworykin created in 1923, and ten years later introduced the current television system to the American public and the whole world. Zworykin’s numerous works and inventions in the field of black-and-white and color television were awarded US awards.
The first television receiver available to the public appeared in England in the late 20s of the 20th century.
Further development of television
Thus, the world's first television system, which became the prototype of current television broadcasting systems, appeared only in the mid-thirties of the 20th century. Transmission and reception of images in it were carried out through transmitting and receiving tubes. The creation of television was ultimately the result of the efforts of many specialists, each of whom contributed to the theory and practice of a new and unusual technology for its time.
With the beginning of the widespread use of television, it began to constantly improve. The efforts of engineers and designers today are concentrated on increasing the signal reception range, improving image clarity and signal resistance to interference. The creation of satellite and cable television helped solve many of these problems.
In the 80s of the last century, active research and development began in the field of digital television. In such systems, the television signal is formed in the form of combinations of successive electrical pulses. This principle provides incomparably better image transmission quality and is much more resistant to interference of both natural and technical origin.
Today, without exaggeration, television can be called a member of the family. We come home, turn on the device and go about our business to the sound of its measured muttering. If he suddenly remains silent, something begins to be missing. But just recently, a television was a curiosity; all the neighbors gathered at the lucky ones who bought a television so that they could all watch the only program at that time.
How television began
O.A. Adamyan
It is difficult to name the exact time when work began on the invention of television. Some enthusiasts believe it began about 4,000 years ago with the first polished clear stone. But we will start with a more recent event: the German Paul Nipkow in 1884 invented a mechanical reaming system: a rotating disk with small holes arranged in a spiral.
The first television center in Germany was later named after Nipkow.
The founder of color television can be called the Russian inventor A.A. Polumordvinov, who received a patent for a “Light distributor for an apparatus used to transmit images over a distance with all colors and their shades and all shadows,” based on a combination of three color components.
The word “television” was first heard from the lips of the Russian engineer K.D. Persky at the Paris International Electrotechnical Congress. For the first time, an image over a distance of 600 km was transmitted by O.A. Adamyan. The transmission was carried out by wire. The transmitter had two gas-light tubes with a white and a red glow. Later Adamyan created a three-color device.
In 1911, Russian scientist B.L. Rosing conducted a public demonstration of image reproduction using an electronic device. Unfortunately, Rosing later abandoned electronic imaging because felt that mechanical systems would be more suitable. We can say that television began with the activities of these scientists.
Major milestones
VC. Zvorykin
The true father of television is considered to be the Russian scientist V.K. Zvorykin, a student of Rosing, who emigrated to the USA. In 1923, he patented a cathode ray tube transmitter, the real prototype of televisions. He worked on the invention with two more immigrants from Russia, N.G. Ogloblinsky and D. Sarnov.
Work on the creation of a television transmitter and receiver was carried out in both the USSR and the USA throughout the 20s and 30s. Various electronic systems were created and improved, and England and Germany did not stand aside. Developed countries were more or less on par; sometimes it happened that in two or three countries scientists independently implemented the same idea, but from time to time someone pulled ahead.
VC. Zvorykin
In the 30s, a completely electronic reception and transmission system was invented, and the first standards were approved. Then England chose the first standard: 405 lines with interlaced scanning at 25 frames per second. England lived with this standard until 1968.
In Germany, in 1933, the Imperial Radio Society began regular broadcasts on the big screen in the Berlin television center. The Nazis immediately realized the possibilities television offered for propaganda.
In the USSR in those same years, there were approximately 70 transmitting stations, including the most powerful station in the world near Noginsk. Transmissions were carried out in the meter range. Under the leadership of architect Shukhov, a special tower with a height of as much as 140 m was built in the Shabolovka area in Moscow - a very decent height for those times.
In the USSR at that time there were about 1000 receivers - the first TK-1 televisions. In 1939, the country adopted the first television standard: 441 lines, 50 fields per second, interlaced.
In the USA, at the end of the 30s, mass production of receivers that had a 9-inch screen began.
Post-war development
In the MTC studio. Press conference of astronauts.
During the war, research work in the field of television was interrupted throughout the world. But already on May 7, 1945, the first transmitting station in post-war Europe, the Moscow Television Center, began operating.
In the USA, broadcasts resumed in the same way in 1945, but a year later they sold several thousand televisions, and by 1950 there were already several million of them. The USSR also produced televisions, and broadcasts were broadcast with greater clarity than in the USA: the number of lines in the USSR was 625 lines versus 525 in the USA, but our country lagged far behind in the number of receivers.
The famous KVN-49 televisions began to be produced in 1949. The name of the televisions is an abbreviation of the names of the creators of the apparatus, Kenigson, Warsaw and Nikolaevsky. At the same time, the television center in Kyiv opened its doors.
KVN is the progenitor of televisions.
During the 1950s, television stations began to appear in various cities throughout the country. In addition to Moscow, television studios opened in all republics, regions and territories. Reports were made, staged programs were broadcast, films were shown. In 1962, the first broadcast from orbit took place from the Vostok-3 spacecraft.
The first color television was created in the USA by RCA in 1954. Back then these were very expensive models.
Different types of television
Distribution of different standards in the world.
Initially, each country had its own standards for television broadcasts. But this interfered with the exchange of information and international cooperation. Therefore, the world gradually came to only three standards: American, French and West German. The USSR adopted the French system. Thus, the world was divided into three parts, since conversion from one standard to another was difficult and expensive. It was only when the movement for European unification began that receivers capable of receiving both PAL and SECAM appeared.
Cable TV
Initially, cable television simply supplemented the usual one in places with rugged terrain, where the propagation of radio waves was difficult. The first cable transmissions were made in California. Then no one thought that this method had prospects.
Real cable television appeared when collective antennas began to be installed on houses. Intense competition began between different signal transmission systems. In pursuit of viewers, cable operators are still constantly improving equipment, improving the quality of broadcasting.